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Carol Smith

Editor

About

Carol is an editor of news, features, documentaries, and podcasts at KUOW. She specializes in narrative approaches. Her team of reporters has covered a range of beats, including regional growth issues, homelessness, the economy, public health, immigration, food, arts, and culture.

Prior to joining KUOW, Carol was a long-time print journalist for The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, the Los Angeles Times, and others. Her enterprise reporting has won multiple national awards for investigative and explanatory journalism. She is author of the memoir: "Crossing the River: Seven Stories that Saved My Life" (Abrams Press, 2021).

Location: Seattle

Languages: English

Pronouns: she/her

Professional Affiliations: Society of Professional Journalists

Podcasts

Stories

  • Untitled

    Search For Cause Of High Rates Of MS In Northwest Could Lead To New Treatments

    The mystery of why the Pacific Northwest has one of the highest rates of multiple sclerosis in the world is as enduring as the mystery of the D.B. Cooper hijacking — and has proven about as difficult to crack.Recently, however, scientists have been closing in on some likely triggers that may be causing the body to hijack its own immune system and turn on itself. Those new findings could lead to new treatment strategies in the future.MS is a sneaky, unpredictable autoimmune disease that damages nerves and can impair vision and mobility as well as thinking and memory. The prevalence of MS in the Pacific Northwest is about triple the level in the lower part of the United States and many more times higher than elsewhere in the world. In King County, there are 9,000 known patients, and a growing number of them are children.The prevalence is so high here that the Northwest chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society has posted giant billboards around the city for the past several years asking questions like these: "Is it the trees? Is it the rain?"The questions may have been rhetorical, but the billboards were a reminder of the need to keep digging for answers about what causes MS.On a macro scale, scientists actually do know why the rate appears elevated here.“It’s really the fact we have people here whose genetic background comes from Northern Europe, and that’s the genetic component,” said Dr. George Kraft, director of the Multiple Sclerosis Rehabilitation Research and Training Center at the University of Washington. “And there’s an environmental component. And it may well relate to reduced vitamin D levels. It may relate to other things in this area.”But what other things? That’s the question, researchers are tackling now.A Natural ExperimentOne of their first early clues came from a “natural experiment” that took place in the Faroe Islands, a chain of islands off the coast of Northern Europe.Researchers had observed for a long time that MS is more common at northern latitudes.“You would expect because they’re so far north that there would be a high prevalence of MS,” said Kraft. “But until the late 1930s, there was no MS on the Faroe Islands.”None – even though the disease was known to occur in nearby Scotland and Scandinavia.When Hitler invaded Europe, however, the British sent their troops into the Faroe Islands, along with their dogs, Kraft said.  Not long after that, there was an outbreak of canine distemper, which is caused by a virus.Curiously, though, the canine epidemic was followed by an outbreak of MS among island residents. That led to the theory that MS might be triggered by a virus of some kind, one that thrives at northern latitudes.“This was really, pretty spectacular because it was an isolated research area where you could look and study this,” he said.Since then, researchers have found a number of human viruses that may be connected with MS, including Epstein Barr and herpes virus type 1.But the viral theory has turned out to be more complicated than researchers had hoped. “A big mistake the field has made over the years is looking for a single virus,” said Kraft.Researchers now think there are multiple viruses and multiple genes involved in triggering the immune system to attack itself.A Genetic PuzzleWhile scientists think there is some kind of trigger for MS, the precipitating event appears to be different for people with different genetic backgrounds. They believe, for example, that the risk is higher for people of Northern European descent.Beyond that, however, the genetics of MS are complex.“Unlike other diseases, like Huntington’s disease, which might be a single-gene problem, this is looking like this is going to be at least a dozen or more genes,” said Dr. Sylvia Lucas, a neurologist at the University of Washington Medical Center. “So it’s not genetics, like inheriting eye color or hair color, but certainly there is a risk if someone in your family has it.”Here’s where it gets complicated again, though. Even identical twins don’t have identical risks.“If you have two identical twins and one twin has MS, there is a one in three chance, which is very, very high probability, that the other twin will have it,” said Kraft.Gender, too, appears to play a role, leading researchers to suspect hormones are involved in determining susceptibility. More women than men get the disease, and the ratio appears to be widening.“When I was in medical school, they taught it was about 2-to-1, females to males,” said Kraft. “We’ve been collecting data in the Seattle area for over 35 years, and we’ve seen it go from about 2.5-to-1 to about 4-to-1, maybe 5-to-1 females (to males).”To help sort out the genetics of the disease, researchers around the country, including at the Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason in Seattle, have begun compiling libraries of genetic samples from patients.They hope these registries will help fingerprint the genes involved. So far, the strongest contenders appear to be in the family of genes that controls the body’s ability to recognize its own cells.Underlying MechanismUnderstanding how the immune system turns on itself could yield some targets for new drugs or treatment strategies in the future.Estelle Bettelli, an immunologist at the Benaroya Research Institute, has been at the forefront of this work.  Researchers in her lab are trying to isolate the specific cells in the body that, once triggered, actually cause the damage that’s typical of MS.  T-cells are part of the body’s elaborate defense system. Their job is to attack foreign invaders and keep us well. In MS, though, they get confused and instead attack the covering of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. That covering, called the myelin sheath, is like insulation: it helps protect the signals being transmitted from the brain to muscles and organs.“When cells of the immune system start attacking this structure, then obviously the system doesn’t work very well,” said Bettelli. When the nerve coverings are damaged, the signal degrades and the message can’t get through.  It’s that damage that results in symptoms of MS.So far, they’ve found two particular strains of T-cells, called Th1 and Th17, that appear to be implicated in MS attacks. They now believe that mutations in the genes for these two types of T-cells may be responsible for variations in the disease itself – why it comes and goes in some people (a form called relapsing-remitting MS) and why it progresses steadily in others.“And importantly, they may not be equally sensitive to the different drugs, or disease-modifying therapies,” she said. “That’s why we are so interested in basically finding out what they do, how they work, and finding ways to block them.”If doctors could block, or reprogram the T-cells to keep them from attacking in the first place, they could prevent or delay the symptoms of MS.One aggressive way to do that is to simply kill off the patient’s damaged immune system and replace it with a healthy one, a process known as a stem-cell transplant. This treatment, which was pioneered by Kraft and others at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, is still considered experimental. So far, it’s been used on about 60 patients in the Northwest, and some of them have had long-term remissions as a result.“What I tell patients is that there’s a really good probability that we can prevent further decline – further loss of function — for a fairly long period of time,” said Dr. George Georges, a transplant specialist at Fred Hutchinson.But because the treatment itself has serious, sometimes even fatal, side effects, it’s only used in advanced cases where other treatments have failed.Doctors hope they can eventually make the process safe enough to use on patients with less severe symptoms. In the meantime, the search for other drugs goes on.Last month, for example, researchers at Oregon Health & Sciences University identified a particular enzyme that is elevated in brains damaged by MS. They now hope finding drugs to destroy or block the action of this enzyme could help repair the brain damage caused by MS.New Treatments On The HorizonDr.  Mariko Kita, director of Virginia Mason’s Multiple Sclerosis Center, is spearheading a number of clinical trials of new drugs.“These might be agents that have never been tested in any other disease, or they might be agents that have been tested in another disease that we think look promising in MS,” said Kita. Some of them are brand new molecules. And some are already familiar ones – even vitamin D itself.“We do know that vitamin D is lower in individuals who have MS. It’s probably low in just about everybody who lives in this area, but we definitely know it’s definitely lower in people who have MS,” she said.“And we know that taking a simple vitamin D supplement on a daily basis actually reduces your risk of developing MS," said Kita. “What we have not determined, however, is whether or not the supplementation of vitamin D and the correction of those vitamin D levels in individuals with MS will alter their disease course.”Medications for MS have only been available since about 1994, and there are only a handful of them, said Kita. “The key here is that they’re not necessarily the same strength of effectiveness in one person as they might be in another.”She says they eventually hope to pinpoint particular genetic markers that would help determine which medications will be most effective in which patients. That would allow doctors to customize treatments for individuals, opening the door to genetically personalized medicine.On average, the treatments reduce relapses by about 30 percent, said Kita. But that doesn’t mean 100 percent of people will get 30 percent reduction.“That’s going to mean some people will get a lot more, and some people will get less reduction,” she said. “So what we’re looking for in treating patients with MS is finding that home run.” Funding for The Mystery of MS was provided by the KUOW Program Venture Fund.  Contributors include Paul and Laurie Ahern,  the KUOW Board of Directors and KUOW Listener Subscribers. This series was produced in collaboration with InvestigateWest, a nonprofit investigative newsroom in Seattle.FOR MORE INFORMATION:About clinical trials for MSAbout MSVideo: “Multiple Sclerosis, from A to Z” 
  • Untitled

    Pediatric MS Cases Rise In The Northwest: Younger Patients Put A New Face On An Old Mystery

    The Pacific Northwest has one of the highest rates of multiple sclerosis in the world, yet the reasons why remain elusive. It’s an old mystery, but one that now has a new face. Today, doctors are seeing a growing number of cases in kids. They hope these young patients will yield more clues to what causes the disease.MS is an autoimmune disease that causes nerve damage over time. It’s more common at higher latitudes, and tends to affect more women than men. Eventually, it can impair mobility, vision – even thinking and memory. It’s always been known as a “prime-of-life” disease, one that typically strikes in young adulthood.For Allexis, now a senior at Central Kitsap High School in Silverdale, that wasn’t the case. She was diagnosed when she was 14 years old.It started one Friday during the summer two years ago. “I couldn’t sleep because I had the worst headache,” she said. “Out of a scale of one to 10, it was a 15.” She tried to go for her regular morning run the next day, and things got worse.“I didn’t even go my entire route, because there was something off – I was tipping over,” she said. “I was, like, falling.”Even two years later, Allexis’ voice betrayed her disbelief as she recounted the story. Energetic and engaging, she’s one of those strong-willed, high-achieving teens who wasn’t used to being slowed down. Let alone, laid up.Her parents rushed her to the hospital where a brain scan showed 18 lesions in her brain.Still, doctors weren’t sure it was MS.  The symptoms of MS in young people can be subtle. Doctors sometimes have a hard time determining whether a disease is causing them, or they’re just the result of normal growing pains of childhood, especially puberty.While brain scans are a good indicator, doctors frequently wait for a recurrence of symptoms to make a definitive diagnosis – multiple sclerosis by definition means multiple attacks on multiple locations in the body.Within a few weeks, Allexis had a second, even more disabling episode. At that point, she couldn’t walk, or see out of her left eye.“And then after that, I was slurring,” she said. “I couldn’t talk, so basically, I couldn’t function at all. It was very frustrating.”This time, doctors were sure Allexis had MS. That put her in the company of a growing group of young people who are living with the disease.Although doctors don’t know the exact number, current estimates suggest that between 18,000 and 25,000 children nationally either have MS, or have experienced symptoms suggestive of MS – some as young as age five.Childhood triggersDr. Raymond Ferri started a pediatric MS clinic at Seattle Children’s Hospital three years ago. It’s among the first in the country to focus on pediatric cases.“When I started the clinic, I was doing it a half day per month,” he said. “And I’ve had to move it to twice a month.”Doctors aren’t sure what’s driving the apparent increase. It’s likely partly from improved diagnostic techniques and increasing awareness among pediatricians that MS can occur early in life. But some also think that the growing onslaught of chemical exposures in the environment may be making immune systems more vulnerable to whatever triggers the illness.“I think adolescents may be at higher risk,” said Dr. Sylvia Lucas, a neurologist at the University of Washington Medical Center, and co-founder of the pediatric clinic at Children’s.  Younger patients have immune systems that are still immature, and “as such, may be more susceptible to the effects of food additives, toxins in the air, lack of vitamins,” she said.The Children’s team is hoping to start a registry of pediatric patients to better track the histories and outcomes of these younger patients, perhaps as soon as next year. There is also a legislative push on a national level to establish a permanent national surveillance system for MS.  Such a registry would help scientists pinpoint trends and changes in the epidemiology of the disease.In particular, having a group of young patients to follow may help them zero in on what might be triggering the disease at younger ages.So far researchers think that exposure to some type of virus or other environmental trigger during childhood – before approximately age 15 --  is what actually determines a person’s risk of getting MS. And people carry the risk they acquired as children, no matter where they live, as adults.Having a population of children to follow could prove helpful to unraveling the mystery, said Ferri. For adults, it’s hard to remember back to childhood to what illnesses or other events might have triggered their MS. With kids, those episodes are more recent, and easier to recall.For Allexis, it’s still unclear what might have triggered the disease. What is clear, is that it’s something she’ll be managing the rest of her life.  Aggressive DiseaseChildren tend to get “relapsing-remitting” MS, a type that comes and goes. But the rate at which children relapse is much higher than for adults. “What that does is really put them at risk for severe cognitive and physical disabilities much, much sooner than we could see it in the adult population,” said Lucas. “We have to be much more aggressive in the children than we are now because children are much more likely to have a very inflammatory type of disease.”Allexis has had to learn to live with the uncertainty that comes with having MS. “My doctor told me, it’s as if you’re trying to predict earthquakes. You never know,” she said. “And it kind of sucks – because it’s scary.”She gives herself weekly injections of medication to try to prevent future relapses.“I’m not gonna lie. There are a lot of times where I get emotional. Like, what happened to me?” she said. “What did I do wrong?”So far, though, the medication appears to be working. Her symptoms have not progressed, and she’s regained her stamina.“Right now I think I’m rockin’ it,” she said during a recent visit at her home in Silverdale. “I really do. I mean, it definitely put me in a setback, like a couple of years ago, but I don’t think it affects me now.”She’s taking a full load of Advanced Placement classes, plays lacrosse, runs cross country and is excited about the prospect of college.In fact, she’s making steady progress on the giant to-do list she’s painted on her bedroom wall.“It’s things I’m going to do,” she said, ticking them off for a visitor. “I’m gonna have an adventure. I’m gonna get a scholarship. I’m gonna have a six-minute mile. And one of my favorites is --  get into UW.”After that, she wants to go to medical school.“I would love to be a neurologist,” she said.So who knows?One day, it could be Allexis herself who unlocks the mystery of MS. Funding for The Mystery of MS was provided by the KUOW Program Venture Fund.  Contributors include Paul and Laurie Ahern,  the KUOW Board of Directors and KUOW Listener Subscribers. This series was produced in collaboration with InvestigateWest, a nonprofit investigative newsroom in Seattle.TOMORROW:  Researchers piece together what they know so far about MS and devise new ways to think about treatment.FOR MORE INFORMATION: Greater Northwest Chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis SocietyVideo from UW TV: “Multiple Sclerosis, from A to Z”